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Passage Two Modern humans emerged some 250,000 years ago, yet agriculture is a fairly

recent invention, only about 10,000 years old. Many crop plants are rather new additions to our diet: broccoli (a flowering mutant of kale) is thought to be only 500 years old. Most innovation is far more recent still. Although Austrian monk Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments quietly laid the basic foundations of genetics in the mid-19th century, his work was rediscovered and applied to crop breeding only at the beginning of the 20th century. Further advances have steadily accumulated. The 1940s saw the identification of DNA as genetic material and the adoption, by commercial breeders, of genetic modification - typically by applying chemicals or radiation to DNA to try to make plants with advantageous characteristics. The modifications ultimately led to the green revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, during which time global wheat yields tripled. The 1980s and 1990s saw the commercial adoption of agricultural biotechnology, which has allowed breeders to introduce specific genes into crops from the same or different species. In 2004 the first plant genome was fully sequenced, and since then the number of plant gene sequences in GenBank, the public repository for gene sequence information, has been doubling every two years. Our knowledge is increasing exponentially, as it has been in other fields such as semiconductors and cellular telephony. Our challenge is to increase agricultural yields while decreasing the use of fertilizer, water, fossil fuels and other negative environmental inputs. Embracing human ingenuity and innovation seems the most likely path. Plants did not evolve to serve humans, and their sets of genes are incomplete for our purposes. The integral role of modifying genes is obvious to all breeders, though sometimes painfully absent from the public's understanding of how modern agriculture succeeds. All breeding techniques, from before Mendel's time until today, exploit modifications to plant DNA. These modifications can take the form. of mistakes or mutations that occur during natural cell division in the wild; the natural but random movement of DNA sequences from one part of a plant's genome to another; or the more precise insertion of known gene sequences using biotechnology. In all these cases, plant genes are moved within or across species, creating novel combinations. Hybrid genetics - the combination of different versions of the same gene – has resulted in spectacular yield increases. Largely as the consequence of using hybrid seed varieties, corn yields in the U.S. have increased more than 500 percent in the past 70 years. Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.

(1)Which statement is correct according to paragraph one？

A、Broccoli was first bred by Mendel

B、Broccoli wasn’t considered edible until 500 years ago

C、Mendel's work was considered most important in the history of genetics

D、Mendel’s study found its major application some 100 years ago

(2)What was cited as a result of the green revolution？

A、Sharp rise in worldwide wheat production

B、Extensive use of organic fertilizer

C、Large-scale adoption of genetic modification

D、Commercial success of genetically modified seeds.

(3)Which statement is true of GenBank according to the passage？

A、The number of gene sequences has doubled since its foundation

B、The commercial breeders are its main sponsors

C、It is a genetic sequence database

D、It was founded in 2004

(4)It can be learned from the passage that the significance of genetic modification is ______.

A、questioned by some critics

B、poorly conveyed to the public

C、appreciated by all breeders

D、fully understood only by scientists

(5)The word “novel” in paragraph three is closest in meaning to ______.

A、artificial

B、various

C、hybrid

D、new

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发布时间：2022-01-21
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更多“Passage Two Modern humans emerged some 250,000 years ago, yet agriculture is a fairly ”相关的问题

第1题

Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are require

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select out one word for each blank from a lot of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Small communities, with their distinctive character—where life is stable and intensely human—are disappearing. Some have __26____ from the face of the earth, others are dying slowly, but all have ___27___ changes as they have come into contact with an ___28___ machine civilization. The merging of diverse peoples into a common mass has produced tension among members of the minorities and the majority alike.

The Old Order Amish, who arrived on American shores in colonial times, have ___29___ in the modern world in distinctive, small communities. They have resisted the homogenization ___30___ more successfully than others. In planting and harvest times one can see their bearded men working the fields with horses and their women hanging out the laundry in neat rows to dry. Many American people have seen Amish families with the men wearing broad-brimmed black hats and the women in long dresses. In railway or bus ___31___.Although the Amish have lived with ___32___ America for over two and a half centuries. They have moderated its influence on their personal lives, their families, communities, and their values.

The Amish are often ___33___ by other Americans to be relics of the past who live a simple, inflexible life dedicated to inconvenient out-dated customs. They are seen as abandoning both modem ___34___ and the American dream of success and progress, But most people have no quarrel with the Amish for doing things the old-fashioned way. Their conscientious objection was tolerated in wartime. For after all. They are good farmers who ___35___ the virtues of work and thrift.

A)accessing I)progress

B)conveniences J)respective

C)destined K)survived

D)expanding L)terminals

E)industrialized M)undergone

F)perceived N)universal

G)practice O)vanished

H)process

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第2题

Passage Two In agrarian（农业的),pre-industrial Europe, "you&39;d want to wake up ea

Passage Two

In agrarian(农业的),pre-industrial Europe, "you&39;d want to wake up early, start working with the sunrise, have a break to have the largest meal, and then you&39;d go back to work," says Ken Albala, a professor of history at the University of the Pacific, "Later, at 5 or 6, you&39;d have a smaller supper."

This comfortable cycle, in which the rhythms of the day helped shape the rhythms of the meals, gave rise to the custom of the large midday meal, eaten with the extended family, "Meal are the foundation of the family,&39; says Carole Couniban. a professor at Millersville University in

Peensylvania, "so there was a very important interconnection between eating together" and strength-eating family ties.

Since industrialization, maintaining such a slow cultural metabolism has been much harder. With the long midday meal shrinking to whatever could be stuffed into a lunch bucket or bought at a food stand. Certainly, there were benefits. Modern techniques for producing and shipping food led to greater variety and quantity, including a tremendous, increase in the amount of animal protein and dairy products available, making us more vigorous than our ancestors.

Yet plenty has been lost too, even in cultures that still live to eat. Take Italy. It&39;s no secret that the Mediterranean diet is healthy, but it was also a joy to prepare and cat. Italians, says Counihan, traditionally began the day with a small meal. The big meal came at around 1 p.m. In between the midday meal and a late, smaller dinner came a small snack. Today, when time zones have less and less meaning, there is little tolerance for offices&39; closing for lunch, and worsening traffic in cities means workers can&39;t make it home and back fast enough anyway. So the formerly small supper after sundown becomes the big meal of the day. the only one at which the family has a chance to get together. "The evening meal carries the full burden that used to be spread over two meals" says Counihan.

What do we learn from the passage about people in pre-industrial Europe？

A.They had to work from early morning till late at night.

B.They were so busy working that they only ate simple meals.

C.Their daily routine followed the rhythm of the natural cycle.

D.Their life was much more comfortable than that of today.

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第3题

Once it was considered good to keep the car engine idling a minute or two following cold s
tarts. Today, with modern technology, the opposite is true. An engine operating under road conditions will warm up faster and run more efficiently than the one that is idling. Idling just burns gas (on average, about a gallon an hour).

When you have a full tank of gas, park the car downhill. This will prevent any gas from coming out of the tank. Parking in areas of less or no sunlight helps prevent the gas from steaming that would occur if you parked in the hot sun. Your car will stay cooler, too, and that means less gas consuming work for the air conditioner once the engine is started.

Stay away from wide-track tyres if you want top mileage (汽车耗费1加仑油所行驶的路程) . Narrow-track tyres produce less friction and thus less rolling resistance. The same effect is achieved by adding three to five pounds above recommended pressure to each tyre: while this won't noticeably affect you car's sliding quality, it will increase tyre life and gas mileage.

Check tyre pressure often, especially when the weather turns cold. The difference between winter and summer tyre pressure can be as much as eight pounds. This could cost you two miles per gallon.

The main purpose of the passage is to tell us______.

A．how to drive faster

B．how to drive a car properly

C．how to make a car run smoothly

D．how to make your car consume less gas

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第4题

In 1798 the political economist Malthus predicted that in time mankind would face starvati
on, having outgrown the available food supplies. Today, a century and a half later, there are still experts who forecast the same global disaster—unless urgent measures are taken to prevent it. By the end of the present century there may well be over five thousand million people living on this globe, an increase of over fifty percent on todays figure. In order to keep pace with this increase in mankind the farmers of the world will have to step up their production of food by at least two percent every year. Such a rate of increase has never been maintained in any country by conventional methods of agriculture, despite modern mechanization and the widespread use of fertilizers. There are no large worthwhile reserves of potential farmland remaining, and good fertile land is continually being changed into industrial use. Moreover, erosion of the soil takes a constant toll (损失). Intensive research, carried out over many years in all manners of climate conditions, has produced a revolutionary method of growing crops without using any soil at all. Hydroponics (水栽 法), as this technique is called, may well be the answer to all our food worries; already it has accomplished wonders in producing huge crops. Hydroponics was once a complicated and expensive business, now it is well out of the experimental stage. Labor costs are far lower than when normal methods of agriculture are employed. In fact, it is a completely automatic system. There is no hard manual work, no digging or ploughing, and no weeding to speak of. Yields can be far higher than they are in soil.

Which of the following best sums up the whole passage？

A．Malthus" prediction has been proved to be correct by modern experts.

B．Hydroponics is a new development in agriculture.

C．Hydroponics may be the answer to the world food shortage in the future.

D．Conventional methods of agriculture should be improved so as to step up food production by two percent every year.

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第5题

Prior to modern times, Western Europe was an underdeveloped rather than a developed re
gion.In the eleventh century China was producing two and a half times as much iron as did England and Wales together in 1640.By the twelfth century several Chinese cities had a population n equal to that of the whole contemporary England- about 1.3 million people.When the Westerners began their attack of Constantinople in 1203, they were full of respects for those high walls, those mighty towers, those rich palaces and churches, of which there were so many that no man could believe it if he had not seen them with their own eyes.

In modern times the situation was changed, thanks in large part to the profits from overseas trade and colonies, and to the settlement in new continents.Therefore, ninety percent of the world's total industrial output comes today from European origin.About two-thirds of the world's people are earning about $200 per capital every year, while the remaining one-third enjoy per capital incomes as high as $2,400 in the case of the United States.

1.In the 11th century China was___.

A.more underdeveloped than Western Europe

B.more advanced in technology than England

C.as developed as Western Europe

D.producing as much iron as Western Europe

2.Constantinople was_______.

A.a part of Western Europe

B.part of China

C.quite rich and prosperous

D.was a city with a population of 1.3 million

3.Europe became much more developed in modern times mainly by().

A.attacking Constantinople

B.making profits from foreign trade and their colonies

C.learned from the developed parts of the world and improved its technology

D.having its people form. the idea of working hard

4.It can NOT be concluded from the passage that().

A.several Chinese cities altogether had a total population of 1.3 million

B.westerners admired Constantinople for its marvelous buildings

C.Constantinople was much more developed than the invaders 'hometown

D.Americans have much higher salaries than two-thirds of the world' s people

5.Which of the following is true according to the passage？()

A.Four fifths of the world's products come from Europe

B.Ninety percent of the world's industrial output is from Europe

C.Europe began to develop when they attacked Constantinople

D.Westerners set up colonies after they became rich

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第6题

According to the passage, people need knowledge of modern technology and ______ to survive
in the fast-changing society.

A．high sensitivity

B．good judgment

C．good imagination

D．the ability to focus

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第7题

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.

Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

The method for making beer has changed over time. Hops (啤酒花), for example, which give many a modern beer its bitter flavor, are a- 26 recent addition to the beverage. This was mentioned in reference to brewing in the ninth century. Now, researchers have found a--- 27 ingredient in residue (残留物) from 5000-year-old beer brewing equipment. While excavating two pits at a site in the central plains of China, scientists discovered fragments from pots and ve__ . The different shapes of the containers 28they were used to brew, filter, and store beer. They --may be ancient “beer-making tools,” and the earliest 29evidence of beer brewing in China, the researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. To 30that hypothesis, the team examined the yellowish, dried 31 inside the vessels. The majority of the grains, about 80%, were from cereal crops like barley (大麦), and about 10% were bits of roots, 32 lily, would have made the beer sweeter, the scientists say. Barley was an unexpected find: the crop was domesticated in Western Eurasia and didn’t become a 33food in central China until about 2000 years ago, according to the researchers. Based on that timing, they indicate barley may have 34in the region not as food, but as35material for beer brewing.

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第8题

There are two spare rooms in the building; neither of（）has been provided with modern facilities

A.it

B.which

C.them

D.this

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第9题

According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ______.A．the qui

According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ______.

A．the quick pace of modern life

B．man's adventurous spirit

C．man's search for mythical experiences

D．the economic situation

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第10题

The best title for this passage is ______.A．Education and Modern CivilizationB．The Signifi

The best title for this passage is ______.

A．Education and Modern Civilization

B．The Significance of Modern Education

C．Educational Investment and the Profit It Brings

D．Education: A Comparison between Past and Present

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第11题

Modern cars use one of two commontypes Cf oil pumps-the（）-type and the（）-type.

A.vane

B.gear

C.rotor

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